The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review of Taxonomy, Genetics, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control. c S protein expression in cell culture supernatant analyzed by western blot using anti-RBD, -S1, -S2 or PCS as primary antibody. S-specific total IgG analyzed at week 2 revealed that all ChulaCov19-immunized mice, either with 1 or 2 doses, elicited anti-S-specific IgG response from the lowest dose of 0.2g with a dose-dependent response pattern. %PDF-1.7 Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work. mSphere 7, e0024322 (2022). Agreement between antibody binding assays and Genscript sVNT positive and negative results according to optimal cutoff values determined for each assay. Immunofluorescent results mostly correlate with PCR data. In terms of spike-specific T-cell responses, our study found that AZD1222 prime/ChulaCov19 boost induced the highest magnitude of T cell response, superior to that of all tested regimens, including the homologous ChulaCov19 (Fig. The possible explanation of the higher detectable viral RNA found in 10 g compared to 1 g immunized mice (Fig. 8 more], LMICs received these vaccines much later and in shorter supply, as evidenced by the most recent statistic (as of 31 August 2022) that in several African countries less than 30% of the population has received at least one vaccine dose20. Performance of nucleocapsid and spike-based SARS-CoV-2 serologic assays Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the world has raced to understand and accurately diagnose infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Comparing the clinical efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. S-specific IgG measurement was performed employing indirect ELISA as described previously56,67. Protection of K18-hACE2 mice and ferrets against SARS-CoV-2 challenge by a single-dose mucosal immunization with a parainfluenza virus 5-based COVID-19 vaccine. The S1 subunit substantially lowered the number of bursts per electrode, whereas the S2 subunit did not exhibit the same degree of reduction. It was also evaluated for the protective efficacy in transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), Fig. Cohen J. Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hpital Europen, Marseille, France, Affiliation: and JavaScript. Cells with approximately 8090% confluency were transfected with 1g of IVT ChulaCov19 using Lipofectamine MessengerMax (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer protocols. "a97YEy111JlM7qqK;R]fr{g8 E]P7t iEx-m11tSmxsE,GE+hU#a=z1{/_vH}Nu&SENP_.*$ RL!DrojWs|[`}5C6nP,(n ,s-Km41vm8c/U3$@X3hUIwBge2Q{`4>4PQqo8"v3&v`wDXs%| 9>^8%|76sY6s$7PqI1QmO etbrr>$UmKd=UW-]Kd cg?q{`#*CM4\M6eKP2;:)U@(W$=u:{[9[S\2+wfynJ,%fd(~)qK5 At week 3 after dose 1, NAb were still detected in all animals in the 10g group, and 5/6 animals in the 1g group. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. These common antibody tests use purified proteins of SARS-CoV-2 (not a live virus) to detect the presence of binding antibodies that attach to a virus, per the CDC. Calculations were performed using the SAS V9.4 software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). This is consistent with a previous report46. Peletta, A. et al. The reactions were then stopped with 50L of 0.16N sulfuric acid. Sci. Google Scholar. Stained cells were visualized under confocal microscope (ZEISS LSM 800, Carl Zeiss, Germany). Please note that medical information found Two approved mRNA vaccines, ComirnatyTM by Pfizer/BioNTech and SpikevaxTM by Moderna, comprise 2 proline substitutions at residues 986 and 987 of the S-protein (known as S-2P) to stabilize the prefusion conformational structure. The use of antibody therapy for PrEP, which is the use of medications to prevent infection before exposure to a virus, is currently being studied for its potential efficacy in immunocompromised individuals with COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies decline over one year and patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia display a unique cytokine profile. % sample is stable for 7 days at 2-8C once separated from a clot or red blood cells, or in a gel separator tube. When considering a reference cutoff of 264 BAU/ml, the assays showed moderate to good agreement with Genscript sVNT, with strong variations of the kappa index from 0.52 for Beckman and Roche to 0.76 for Siemens (kappa = 0.72 for Abbott). Indeed, antibody therapy for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), may be efficient in preventing hospitalization in immunocompromised patients, regardless of the variant involved. The GE per gram of virus in a tissue sample was calculated by multiplying the number of copies/reaction by [10,000 x the weight of a tissue sample (mg) used for extraction]. The results revealed that the NAb against WT (Wuhan-Hu1) and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants were still detectable in all mice (5/5) but 4/5 mice for Omicron BA.1 and BA.4/5. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the GMT of micro-VNT50 between 1 and 10 g dosed mice at each time point. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281257, Editor: Deniz Can Guven, Elazg Fethi Sekin City Hospital: Elazig Fethi Sekin Sehir Hastanesi, TURKEY, Received: November 17, 2022; Accepted: January 18, 2023; Published: April 28, 2023. For example, the micro-VNT50 GMT against WT (Wuhan-Hu1) in the AZD1222-prime/ChulaCov19-boost group was 7-fold higher than 2-dose AZD1222 immunization (GMT of micro-VNT50 were 31,042 vs 4457, p=0.0079). At week 18, the NAb against WT (Wuhan-Hu1) and Delta (B.1.617.2) decreased approximately 2-fold but not statistically significant when compare with week 5 titers. Labcorp test details for SARS-CoV-2 Semi-Quantitative Total Antibody, Spike . A. Vaccines (Basel) 9, 850 (2021). At 2 weeks after the second immunization, mice were challenged intranasally with 2104 pfu (in 50L) of SARS-CoV-2 (wild-type). PubMed Central The differences in the commercial assays used in this study are related to the components of the tests (the spike antigen epitopes used, the different isolates of the SARS-CoV-2, and the quantification of either total antibodies or only IgG) [2123]. Laboratoire AlphabioBiogroup, Marseille, France, Common SARS-CoV-2 virus antigenic targets include spike, envelope, and nucleocapsid proteins [1]. Body weight of ChulaCov19 vaccinated mice decreased slightly only at days 1 and 2 post-challenge then gradually increased to the same levels as pre-challenge at day 6 (Fig. An, D. et al. Peletta, A. et al. . Guilhem Cavaille, Bar-On, L. et al. : study conception and design, E.P., K.T., and C.K. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Your Spike Protein Antibody results will be reported as a reference range: >/= 0.80 U/mL: This is a positive result for anti-SARS CoV-2S. These tests should not be used to diagnosis or exclude acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Bloomberg. The S protein trimer (S-trimer), depicted in Fig. Furthermore, the antibody rescue experiment confirmed the role of S1 in suppressing burst activities and highlighted the protective function of anti-S1 antibodies as well as the significance of RBD in modulating neuronal phenotypes. A vaccine efficacy of 80% was achieved with 264 binding antibody units (BAU)/ml (95% confidence interval [CI]: 108, 806) for anti-spike, and 506 BAU/ml (95% CI: 135, over limit) for anti- receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibodies. J Control Release 217, 345351 (2015). 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